Green Calgary: Canoeing in the City and Stats Can report

In our search for Green Calgary we learned about a canoing event on the Elbow River (in the safer waters below the treacherous weirs).

There are a number of places to go canoeing or kayaking, particularly the Glenmore Reservoir (it’s the city water supply, so you’re not allowed to swim in it, or capsize!). The Calgary Canoe Club boathouse is on the north shore, accessed from Crowshild Trail south. The Elbow River is beautiful above the reservoir, in the Weaselhead natural area. The Elbow River from the Reservoir down to 4th Street is popular for rafting and “tubing” and you pass many large luxury homes (be sure to have a life jacket or you’ll get ticketed). The stretch between 4thStreet and Fort Calgary (at the Bow River) is generally too flat and slow to be much fun. On the lower Elbow, below the dam, the water levels are highest in June and the first half of July. The Bow River is also popular from below the Bearspaw Dam to Princes Island (with Bowness Park and other popular put-in spot). The Bow River below Inglewood is also popular (and home to the Bow Waters Canoe Club), but YOU MUST AVOID the weir, just below the Zoo, where the Bow River meets Nose Creek and the Irrigation Canal to Lake Chestermere. Many people have drowned at the weir, which aerates the water for the river trout, and therefore makes floatation impossible. The best portage is on the right (south) bank. West of town, you can canoe/kayak or raft on the Elbow at Bragg Creek, or on the Ghost River, above the Ghost Dam, and in Kananaskis Country. East of town, the Red Deer River around Drumheller is a very leisurely trip (Found locally).

Featured in the City and Region section of the Calgary Herald however is a not too flattering profile on the greening of Alberta. McGinnis (2007) summarized a Statistics Canada Households and the Environment Survey report. She argued that Albertans do not Reduce, Reuse and Recycle as much as other provinces.

McGinnis, Sarah. 2007. “Albertans have yet to get the green bug. We lag others at caring for the environment.” Calgary Herald . Thursday, July 12.

>> Found locally.

>>Attractions: City Parks. http://calgary.foundlocally.com/Travel/Attr-CityParks.htm

Connectivity, Youtube, Google Videos, Google docs and more

In my ongoing investigation of connectivity innovations in Web 2.0 I have uploaded shaky (longtake) videos to a YouTube oceanflynn account using the Canon PowerShot A550’s basic video clip capacity. As YouTube background I used a Flickr image adapting Escher’s rippled reflections and Davidhazy’s macro shots of water drops. Flickr images cannot be used directly with YouTube so I used the .jpg url of that image from my Speechless @ WordPress uploads. YouTube seems to limit uploads to one a day? The tags are limited and so are categories. I use travel. Uploading is very fast and easy. There may be fewer views of my slow world videos than on Google Videos. There is more room for descriptions on Google Video. I think the full upload time is longer. Both are seamlessly integrated with WordPress through a simple html-like code using [] brackets instead of <> youtube = and googlevideo =

I am using Google docs as a space for note-taking related to my YouTube and Google Videos. It allows me to add images seamlessly with no problems formatting. I appreciate the ‘remove coding’ icon so I can keep coding as plain as vanilla. It helps me keep track of bibliographies and webliographies although these are also on delicious. Google docs also allows for lots of tags (folksonomy is the key to connectivity). Although these docs are often a mess of collaged text, urls and images, they help me keep track of information such as First Nations preferred names for places, evidence of benign colonialism, etc.

I uploaded some digital images from our two excursions this weekend to oceanflynn @ the Google Earth community.

I have bookmarked the YouTube videos on the social bookmarking site, ocean.flynn delicious

video.google

googlevideo

I’ve also subscribed to this at my Google Reader as .rss feed. http://del.icio.us/rss/ocean.flynn/youtube

del.icio.us/ocean.flynn/first.nations

http://del.icio.us/rss/ocean.flynn/first.nations

Speechless

home| about | key concepts | theorists | timelines | Opinion pieces | Web 2.0

Somewhere on the Pacific a small lifeboat shared by two unwilling and unlikely passengers rolled with the waves. Pi knew he could do more than just survive once he realized that Richard was dependent on him. Pi could fish. A Bengal Tiger, king of his own ecosystem, would die at sea without the help of the seventeen-year-old. The book really ended there; it didn’t matter after that what was truth or fiction. Pi’s understanding of power in everyday life was his new reality.

Speechless refers to both the writer and reader. At one level it’s about a writers’ block being blogged. At another level is refers to deafening silence that occurs when one speaks with too much feeling or mentions an uncomfortable idea in a nice place, a unpleasant reminder in polite company, a divergent idea in a space of group think, another perspective than the Renaissance perspective. But it also refers to robust conversations among political philosophers who understand the power of language and everyday life. Socrates, Plato, Derrida called for renewals in philosophy. They examined what we do with words, the role of memory. Speechless alludes to Derrida’s urgent appeal for a renewed democracy, for a revitalized philosophy from a cosmopolitical point of view.

The human eye can distinguish 16 values of grey but that’s not including the subtle differences in the colours of grey. We just don’t have the time to see the variations.

I began speechless on October 16, 2006. Two months later I have learned what a permalink is and how to make one. It’s the equivalent to the old web page’s index.html. Now I have to learn where to use it.

https://oceanflynn.wordpress.com/index.php/2006/12/11/speechless

The cloud of tags below has grown organically since I first began using WordPress as my main blog host on October 16, 2006. I am building my customized clouds of folksonomies by working on and learning from a number of Web 2.0 feeds. This includes a Flickr account for photo blogging which attracts alot of viewers. I have only a couple of dozen images but one image alone uploaded on October 22, 2006 was viewed 1,179 times over a period of 64 days! I reworked this image again and posted it on speechless under “Wave Algorithms.”

Featured folksonomy:

Benign colonialism is a term that refers to an alleged form of colonialism in which benefits outweighed risks for indigenous population whose lands, resources, rights and freedoms were preempted by a colonizing nation-state. The historical source for the concept of benign colonialism resides with John Stuart Mills who was chief examiner of the British East India Company dealing with British interests in India in the 1820s and 1830s. Mills most well-known essays (1844) on benign colonialism are found in Essays on some Unsettled Questions of Political Economy. Mills’ view contrasted with Burkean orientalists. Mills promoted the training of a corps of bureaucrats indigenous to India who could adopt the modern liberal perspective and values of 19th century Britain. Mills predicted this group’s eventual governance of India would be based on British values and perspectives. Those who adopt benign colonialism as a truth claim argue that education, health, housing and employment possibilities improved conditions for indigenous peoples as settlers, merchants and administrators also brought new industries, liberal markets, developed natural resources and introduced improved governance. The first wave of benign colonialism lasted from c. 1790s-1960s. The second wave included new colonial policies such as exemplified in Hong Kong (Liu 2003)), where unfettered expansion of the market created a new form of benign colonialism. Political interference and military interference (Doyle 2006) in independent nation-states, such as Iraq (Campo 2004 ), is also discussed under the rubric of benign colonialism in which a foreign power preempts national governance to protect a higher concept of freedom. The term is also used in the 21st century to refer to American, French and Chinese market activities in countries on the African continent with massive quantities of underdeveloped nonrenewable envied resources. Literature that challenges the assumptions of benign colonialism claiming colonialist project as it actually unfolded placed First Nations, Inuit and Métis at higher risks of vulnerabilities to catastrophes, to social exclusion and human rights abuses, have not been as widely publicized.

For more see Flynn-Burhoe (2007).

There is a widespread Canadian mythology that First Nations, Inuit and Métis are among those who benefited from settler colonies prempting, improving, managing and governing aboriginal lands, resources and educating, training, developing, serving, monitoring and governing its peoples. Those who adopt benign colonialism as a truth claim argue that education, health, housing and employment possibilities improved conditions for the indigenous peoples since the arrival of settlers. Literature that challenges the assumptions of benign colonialism claiming colonialist project as it actually unfolded placed First Nations, Inuit and Métis at higher risks of vulnerabilities to catastrophes, to social exclusion and human rights abuses, have not been as widely publicized. The Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples (RCAP) addressed these claims but the term benign colonialism is still a convenient truth for many. Celebratory and one-sided social histories of the Hudson’s Bay Company, the RCMP, and various government leaders such as John A. MacDonald or civil servants such as Indian Agents, northern adventurers, when viewed through the lens of settlers while ignoring the perspective of First Nations, Inuit and Métis contribute to on-going dissemination of distorted histories. Museums, maps and census contribute to these distorted histories by grave omissions.

Related citations:

“Today, Mill’s most controversial case would be benign colonialism. His principles of nonintervention only hold among “civilized” nations. “Uncivilized” peoples, among whom Mill dumps most of Africa, Asia, and Latin America, are not fit for the principle of nonintervention. Like Oude (in India), they suffer four debilitating infirmities – despotism, anarchy, amoral presentism and familism — that make them incapable of self-determination. The people are imposed upon by a “despot… so oppressive and extortionate as to devastate the country.” Despotism long endured has produced “such a state of nerveless imbecility that everyone subject to their will, who had not the means of defending himself by his own armed followers, was the prey of anybody who had a band of ruffians in his pay.” The people as a result deteriorate into amoral relations in which the present overwhelms the future and no contracts can be relied upon. Moral duties extend no further than the family; national or civic identity is altogether absent. In these circumstances, Mill claims, benign colonialism is best for the population . Normal relations cannot be maintained in such an anarchic and lawless environment. It is important to note that Mill advocates neither exploitation nor racialist domination. He applies the same reasoning to once primitive northern Europeans who benefited from the imperial rule imposed by civilized Romans. The duties of paternal care, moreover, are real, precluding oppression and exploitation and requiring care and education designed to one day fit the colonized people for independent national existence. Nonetheless, the argument also rests on (wildly distorted) readings of the history and culture of Africa and Asia and Latin America. Anarchy and despotic oppression did afflict many of the peoples in these regions, but ancient cultures embodying deep senses of social obligation made nonsense of presentism and familism. Shorn of its cultural “Orientalism,” Mill’s argument for trusteeship addresses one serious gap in our strategies of humanitarian assistance: the devastations that cannot be readily redressed by a quick intervention designed to liberate an oppressed people from the clutches of foreign oppression or a domestic despot. But how does one prevent benign trusteeship from becoming malign imperialism, particularly when one recalls the flowery words and humanitarian intentions that accompanied the conquerors of Africa? How far is it from the Anti-Slavery Campaign and the Aborigine Rights Protection Society to King Leopold’s Congo and Joseph Conrad’s “Heart of Darkness”?

Here Doyle is referring to John S. Mill cited in “A Few Words on Nonintervention.” . 1973. In Essays on Politics and Culture, edited by Gertrude Himmelfarb, 368-84. Gloucester, Peter Smith.

See also WordPress featured blogs Benign colonialism.

Related tags: Tom Kent Royal Commission on Newspapers, Hackett and Zhao, economic efficiency, Power and everyday life, ethical topography of self and the Other, teaching learning and research, wealth disparities will intensify, C.D. Howe, Cannibals with Forks.Selected annotated webliography

Campo, Juan E.  2004. “Benign Colonialism? The Iraq War: Hidden Agendas and Babylonian Intrigue.” Interventionism. 26:1. Spring.

Doyle, Michael W.  2006. “Sovereignty and Humanitarian Military Intervention.” Hoover Institute.

Falk, Richard. Human Rights Horizons: the Pursuit of Justice in a Globalizing World. New York & London: Routledge.

Flynn-Burhoe, Maureen. 2007. Benign colonialism. >> Speechless. Uploaded January 14th, 2007

Liu, Henry C. K. “China: a Case of Self-Delusion: Part 1: From colonialism to confusionLiu 2003.” Asia Times. May 14, 2003.

Kurtz,Stanley. 2003.”Lessons from the British in India.” Democratic Imperialism: A Blueprint. Policy Review.Mill, John Stuart. 1844. Essays on some Unsettled Questions of Political Economy.
Of these Essays, which were written in 1829 and 1830,

Current debates on colonization and human rights (Falk 2000) raise questions about the notion of benign colonialism. The dominant language, culture and values of colonizers imposed on colonised peoples is often narrated as salutary. Dominant social and cultural institutions contributed to faciliating the entry of indigenous peoples trapped in unsustainable subsistence economies. Previously colonised peoples claim that the colonization process resulted in a parallel process of the colonization of the minds of indigenous peoples. The process of decolonization of memory (Ricoeur 1980), history and the spirit is crucial for the social inclusion (OECD) of indigenous peoples and nations within nations, such as Canada.

 

Fantasy Palace, Iqaluit, Nunavut June 27, 2002

Fantasy Palace, Iqaluit, Nunavut June 27, 2002@ Flickr

This is a partial truth, more like a flicktion, or a dream, or the virtual than the real. It’s not science or art, more like an invention or innovation. Pieces of this a flicktion are scattered throughout my semi-nomadic cybercamps like tiny inukshuk on a global landscape. It mimics visual anthropology but isn’t. It imitates ethnography but lacks the objectivity. There are words written, pictures taken of events, dates, settings, stages and characters without an author. Maybe it’s the wrong venue in a photo album of beaming faces, stunning scenery, professional photographers, travelers, techies, retirees. But we can all choose to follow each others sign posts in this cyberspace or move on. This is the power of this new social space spun in CyberWeb 2.0.

Cultural ethnographers are supposed to return to their academic spaces, sharpen their methodological tools to a tip that almost cuts the paper they write on (and too often the culture, pop or otherwise they are writing about). You’re not supposed to return from the field with their your mind numbed from the frosted words of those who were seduced by the gold mine of benign colonialism, their voices confident, mocking, paternalistic, jaded by years, or decades of northern experience (1970s-2002). Your were supposed to leave the field with the pace of your beating heart uninterrupted inside your embodied self. You weren’t supposed to leave your a chunk of your soul in that graveyard in Pangnirtung on the Cumberland Sound. This is just lack of professionalism. Get a grip. Just write that comprehensive, proposal, dissertation. Move on. It’s just the way it is.
In this coffee shop sipping a cup of freshly brewed French Roast, (better than a Vancouver Starbucks!), SWF listened with her eyes. She was compassionate but ever so slightly distant. She doesn’t seem to realize how much others from the outside can perceive her knowledge. It is what at times makes her intimidating. Her three generation life story is the stuff of Inuit social history. She seems to almost be unaware of how important that story is. She was surprised that the First Nations cared about the creation of Nunavut. I remember our first class together. She spoke so softly but she was so firm, so insistent, modest and dignified. The wails I had heard by the open graves that still echo in my mind, were all too familiar to her. Slowly, insistently she explained to me as if I really needed to listen, remember, register this.

“We do not need your tears. We have enough of our own. We do not need you to fix this. We need your respect. We need you to not make it worse. We need you to listen to us, really listen. Alone, with no resources an elder has been taking them out on the land. She gets no funding. What she has done works. The funding is going elsewhere on projects that are promoted by the insiders. Inuit like her are not insiders.”

Anna Packwood, Dr. Carrie Best, Tommy Simmons

In the 1998 Anna Packwood’s family and friends came from across continents to celebrate her 100th birthday. This was the culmination of research on the Positive Presence of Absence: a history of the African Canadian community through works in the collection of the National Gallery of Canada. I can honestly say that of the ten years working at the NGC, this impromptu gathering — which almost did not happen because of security concerns over the large numbers and the last-minute arrangements — this was the high point of a decade of work there. The National Gallery of Canada now presents six images in their African Canadian section which the portrait bust of Tommy Simmons on their educational web site entitled Cybermuse.

One of the catalysts for my research in the early 1990s was a conversation with Fritz Benjamin, a Haitian-Canadian who was working at that time as a security guard. He asked me who Tommy Simmons was, the man portrayed in the larger than life bronze bust prominently displayed in the water court. I didn’t know but once I started looking there were more questions about more works of art. After sharing my interests with Mairuth Sarsfield, author of No Crystal Stairs and her sister Lucille Vaughan-Cuevas they became my mentors. Lucille in particular spent hours with me clarifying histories. I eventually met other members of the Montreal community and wove various fragments together so I could present this walking tour to friends, then to fellow graduate students and finally to the public. It was a personal project that the Gallery promoted from 1995-1997 when they advertised it and offered it as a contract tour.

The image is my first experiment in using Adobe Photoshop to create transparent .png images. I needed to learn .png for my new Google Earth community.

The Adobe Photoshop layers include Anna Packwood on the lower left, with a bronze of her daughter, Lucille Vaughan, an activist, educator and librarian. Beside them is Dr. Carrie Best, pioneer Nova Scotia journalist, activist and author. To the right of the water court is Jennifer Hodge Sarsfield, Anna Packwood’s granddaughter ,a pioneer in Canadian film narratology and beside her is the cover of Mairuth Sarsfield’s book entitled No Crystal Stairs, which was on the short list for Canada Reads filmmaker. A photograph taken in that part of Montreal Mairuth called ‘burgundy city’ shows Mairuth, Susan and Lucille, Anna Packwoods, daughters in the 1940? The collage of the family and friends from across the States, Canada and the Caribbean wasn’t large enough to include them all.

I wrote this in a May 3, 1998 thank you note to NGC Education Division Director, Mary Ellen Herbert, CC: Judith Parker, Mairuth Sarsfield.

After the luncheon celebration with Anne Packwood, about fifty of the invited guests came to the NGC. It was larger than anticipated but it was a huge success. Among the guests were Dr. Carrie Best, OC., Lucille Vaughan-Cuevas, Dominique Sarsfield, numerous friends of Anne Packwood from many different parts of Canada from Edmonton, Dartmouth, and of course, Montreal. There were guests from the United States and from Bermuda. The group included four or five elderly people in wheelchairs, a baby in a carriage, children of all ages. After a warm greeting under the Water Court we went to the Seminar Room. I showed about a dozen slides of the Picasso exhibition and a few of Orson Wheeler’s sculptures: Tommy Simmons and Lucille Vaughan-Cuevas. The group applauded warmly when they saw the bust of Lucille. Then we went to the Water Court to see Tommy Simmons. The discussion there is something I wish I had on tape. Many at first did not recognize the model by name or by the sculpted bust. But as we talked more and more people remembered something about him. One woman had babysat his children. Another played on teams that competed with his. Another told me of a Wheeler sculpture of an African Canadian model once owned by David? States. An artist from Detroit was excited by what could be done in galleries and plans on following up when she gets home. I invited Lucille to speak about her experience as Wheeler’s model for the 1950’s bust. It was captivating listening to her describe Wheeler’s special qualities as educator and artist. She had been particularly touched by his openness to Black history at that time. This experience was a highlight for me in my years at the NGC.

In the 1920’s awareness of black culture spread from Harlem in New York across the continent and the ocean. During this Renaissance African American arts and literature reached new pinnacles of celebrity. Marcus Garvey, Paul Robeson, Langston Hughes, Duke Ellington and Louis Armstrong inspired Canadians. Visual artists in Canada attempted to reverse negative stereotypes of black subjects. This sculpture of Tommy Simmons, which celebrates both his blackness and his individuality, gave the emerging artist Orson Wheeler a sense of accomplishment. Simmons was a Montreal sleeping car porter for forty-three years. Work conditions were difficult. The transcontinental trips meant days away from home. Severe employment limitations were placed on black workers. Many, including those with higher education, even doctors and lawyers, were obliged to become porters. Sleeping car porters became the economic elite and catalysts of change in African Canadian communities. Tommy Simmons was a dedicated coach of winning teams. His integrated baseball teams which included girls of African, French and Italian descent, were unprecedented in the 1940’s and 1950’s. Because he was bilingual he entered tournaments in French and English communities from Chicoutimi, Québec to St. John, N.B. [Interviews with Carl Simmons and B. Jones, 1995]

Sinking Neptune: some background reading for memory work praxis

See also MySwicki (in process)

Angelou, Maya (1994) Phenomenal Woman: four poems celebrating women, New York, NY, Random House

Assche, Christine Van (1993) Stan Douglas, Paris, Editions du Centre Pompidou

Auguste, A. (1993a) “If They Come for Me in the Morning”. Share Magazine, 8

Auguste, A. (1993b) “Tired of Being Your Niggers”, Toronto, ON

Baldwin, James (1955) Notes of a Native Son,

Berton, Pierre (1993) “Let’s Not Scrub Show Boat Too Clean.” The Toronto Star. Toronto, ON,

Best, Dr. Carrie (1977) That Lonesome Road: the Autobiography of Carrie M. Best, New Glasgow, Clarion Publishing Co. Ltd.

Blakeley, Phillis R. (1957) “William Hall, Canada’s First Naval V.C.” Dalhousie Review, 250-58

Blatchford, C. (1990) The Toronto Sun. Toronto, ON,

Boyd, Georgia & Tremaine, Carole (1976) Anne Marie Weems, Toronto

Brand, D. (1991) No burden to carry: narratives of Black working women in Ontario, 1920’s – 1950’s.

Brand, Dionne (1982) Primitive Offensive, Toronto, Williams-Wallace

Brand, Dionne (1983) Winter Epigrams and Epigrams to Ernesto Cardenal in Defence of Claudia, Toronto, Williams-Wallace

Brand, Dionne (1984) Chronicles of the Hostile Sun, Toronto, Williams-Wallace

Brand, Dionne (1988) Sans Souci, Toronto, Williams-Wallace

Brant, B. (1990) “From the Outside Looking In: Racism and Writing”. Panel Discussion, Gay Cultural Festival. Vancouver, BC,

Breon, Robin (1993a) “Protest Greets Prince’s Show Boat in Toronto”. American Theatre. 10

Breon, Robin (1993b) “The Thorny Roles of Race in North American Theater.” Communication: The Chronicle of Higher Education.

Breon, Robin (1993?) “Show Boat’s Comin.'” Theatre Perspectives International.

Breon, Robin (1994) “Rivival and Controversy: ‘Show Boat’.” The Toronto Review, 12:1-15.

Breon, Robin (1995) “Show Boat The Revival, the Racism.” The Drama Review: the Journal of Performance Review, 39.

Breon, Robin & Cudjoe, Vera (1994) The Story of John Ware, Toronto, Carib-Can Communications.

Butler, S. (1993) “Contested Representations: Revisiting ‘Into the Heart of Africa’.” Department of Anthropology. North York,ON, York University.

Cannizzo, Jeanne (1989) Into the Heart of Africa, Toronto, ON, ROM.

CBC (1993) Show Boat: Journey of an Epic Musical. CBC.

CBC (2006) 400-year-old play stirs controversy in Nova Scotia. Accessed November 14, 2006 http://www.cbc.ca/arts/story/2006/11/14/theatre-neptune.html

Chateaubriand, François-René De (1802 [1832]). http://un2sg4.unige.ch/athena/chateaubriand/chat_ren.html

Clairmont, Donald H. & W., Dennis Magill (1970) Nova Scotian Blacks: An Historical and Structural Overview, Halifax

Clairmount, D. (1987) Africville: the life and death of a Canadian community,

Clarke, George Elliot (1990) “Voices out of the Whirlwind: the Genesis of Afro-Nova Scotian Literature.” The Atlantic Provinces Book Review,

Clips (1991a) “Racism charges against gallery aired.” Vancouver Sun.

Clips (1991b) “Sweeping changes sought in Nova Scotia: advisory group makes 94 recommendations aimed at easing racism.” Globe & Mail. Toronto,

Cox, Kevin (1991) “Black culture sold short by tourist brochures.” Globe and Mail. Toronto,

D’oyley, Vincent (1978) “Black Presence in Multi-Ethnic Canada,” Toronto, Centre for the Study of Curriculum and Instruction

D’oyley, Vincent (Ed.) (1994) Innovations in Black Education in Canada, Toronto, Umbrella Press

Dabydeen, Cyril (Ed.) (1987) A Shapely Fire: Changing the Literary Landscape, Oakville, Mosaic Press

Drake, John Poad (formerly attributed to) (1820) “View of Halifax.” Ottawa, ON, National Gallery of Canada

Duberman, Martin Bauml (1988) Paul Robeson, New York, Alfred A. Knopf

Dubois, William Edward Burghardt (1970 [1903]) The Souls of Black Folk, New York, Washington Square Press

Elliot, Lorris (1985) Other Voices: Writings by Blacks in Canada, Toronto, Williams-Wallace

Essed, Philomena (1990) Everyday Racism.

Ferber, Edna (1927) Show Boat, Grosset and Dunlap

Fischer, Barbara (1987) Perspective 87, Toronto, Art Gallery of Ontario

Flynn-Burhoe & Rainey, Matt (1999) “Interview on Charlottetown CBC with Matt Rainey about the Reflexivity exhibition.” Correspondence June 1999.

Forsythe, Dennis (1971) “The Black Writers Conference: Days to Remember.” IN Forsythe, Dennis (Ed.) Let the Niggers Burn: theSir George Williams University Affair and its Caribbean Aftermath. Montreal, Black Rose

Frances, Henry (1973) Forgotten Canadians: The Blacks of Nova Scotia, Don Mills, Ontario, Longmans Canada

Frones, Hugo (1991) “Ancestral Memory.” Globe and Mail. Toronto,

Gaffen, Fred (1985) Forgotten Soldiers, Penticton, British Columbia, Theytus Books

Gara, Larry (1960) “The Underground Railroad: A Re-evaluation.” Ohio History Quarterly, 69, 217-30

Grant, John N. (1970) The Immigration and Settlement of the Black Refugees of the War of 1812 in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. University of New Brunswick

Greaves, Ida (1930) The Negro in Canada, Montreal, Packet-Times Press for the Department of Economics and Political Science, McGill University, Montreal.

Hamilton, Sylvia (1989) Black Mother Black Daughter. Halifax, National Film Board of Canada

Hamilton, Sylvia (1991) “Our Mothers Grand and Great: Black Women of Nova Scotia.” Canadian Woman Studies: York University, 11, 45-48

Harris, Robert (1886) “Meeting of the School Trustees.” Ottawa, ON, National Gallery of Canada

Henry, Frances, Tator, Carol, Mattis, W. & Rees, T. (1995) The Colour of Democracy: Racism in Canadian Society, Toronto, ON,

Harcourt Brace & Co. http://www.yorku.ca/fhenry/colourofdemocracy.htm

Hill, Dan (1981) The Freedom Seekers,

Hill, Lawrence (1993) Trials and Triumphs: the Story of African-Canadians, Toronto, Umbrella Press

Holly, Ellen (1990) “Why the Furor Over ‘Miss Saigon’ Won’t Fade.” The New York Times.

Holman, H. T. Slaves and Servants on Prince Edward Island: the Case of Jupiter Wise. Acadiensis,

Hornby (1991) Black Islander: Prince Edward Island’s Historical Black Community, Charlottetown, Institute of Island Studies

Hume (1991) “Caribbean exhibit [Caribbean Festival Arts]: hot colors, cool politics.” Toronto Star. Toronto,

Hume, Christopher (1992) “Retro show finally introduces reticent artist.” Toronto Star. Toronto,

Humes, Christopher (1991) “Reflections on black history and artists.” Toronto Star. Toronto,

Hunter, Lynette (1992-3) “After Modernism: Alternative Voices in the Writings of Dionne Brand, Claire Harris, and Marlene Philip.” University of Toronto Quarterly, 62, 256-82

Ifejika, Nkechi (1991) “Dispelling African Stereotypes.” The Globe and Mail. Toronto,

Kreuger, Miles (1977) Show Boat, The Story of a Classic American Musical, Oxford University Press

Lacey, Liam (1991) “Topical shows probe cultural identity.” The Globe and Mail. Toronto,

Lewis, Dennis (1991) Hyphens and Hybrids.

Lippard, Lucy (1990) Mixed Blessings: New Art in Multicultural America, New York, Pantheon Books

Manette, J. A. (1990) Revelation, Revolution, or Both: Black Art as Cultural Politics. Toronto,

Matthews, J. S. (1934) British Columbia’s First Troops were Black: “The Victoria Pioneer Rifle Corps, “1860. Army and navy Veterans in Canada, Convention Number

Mcclare, Dale (1989) “Louisa Collins and Her World: the 1815 diary of a Dartmouth, N.S., Farm Girl: Louisa Collins, of Colin Grove,”

Morrison, Toni (1992) Playing in the Dark, Whiteness and the Literary Imagination, Harvard University Press

Nichols, Miriam (1988) Stan Douglas, Vancouver, Contemporary Art Gallery

Nollekens, Joseph (17?) Benjamin West.

Nollekens, Joseph (1766) Laurence Sterne. London, UK, National Portrait Gallery

Nollekins (1760) General Wolfe. Ottawa, ON, National Gallery of Canada

NSHRC, (1974) “Pictorial on Black History.” Nova Scotia Human Rights Commission

Nzegwu, Nkiru The Creation of the African-Canadian Odyssey, Toronto, The Power Plant: Contemporary Art at Harbourfront

Nzegwu, Nkiru (1989) “Encounters in aesthetic appreciation.” University of Ottawa

Nzegwu, Nkiru (1992a) “Celebrating African Identity: politics and icons of representation: rites of passage,” Toronto, A Space

Nzegwu, Nkiru (1992b) The Creation of the African-Canadian Odyssey, Toronto, The Power Plant: Contemporary Art at Harbourfront

OECA (1979) Identity: The Black Experience in Canada, Toronto, Gage Educational Publishing

Pachai, Bridglal (1979) Canadian Black Studies.

Philip, M. Nourbese & Fung, Richard (1992) “Letters from Nourbese Philip and Richard Fung in response to Lai’s article.” Fuse.

Philip, Marlene Nourbese (1988) Harriet’s Daughter, London, Heinemann

Philip, Marlene Nourbese (1989a) She Tries her Tongue, Her Silence Softly Breaks, Charlottetown, Ragweed Publishers

Philip, Marlene Nourbese (1989b) “Where they’re At: Gut Issues in Babylon: Racism and Anti-Racism in the Arts.” Fuse.

Philip, Marlene Nourbese (1991a) The New Jerusalem-in two and a half minutes,

Philip, Marlene Nourbese (1991b) “The Six Per Cent Solution.” Fuse.

Philip, Marlene Nourbese (1992b) Frontiers: Essays and Writings on Racism and Culture, Stratford, Ontario, Mercury Press

Philip, Marlene Nourbese (1993) Showboating North of the 44th Parallel, Poui Publications

Philip, Nourbese (1992c) Frontiers Essays and Writings on Racism and Culture, The Mercury Press

Philip, Nourbese Looking for Livingstone: an Odyssey of Silence, The Mercury Press

Philips, Marlene Nourbese (1987) “The “Multicultural” Whitewash.” Fuse, 11

Rainey, Matt (1999) Interview on CBC with Flynn-Burhoe on exhibition ‘Reflexivity’ in Charlottetown. Correspondence. Aired June 1999.

Rich, Frank (2003) “So Much for ‘The Front Page’.” New York Times. New York, NewYork. http://www.nytimes.com/2003/11/02/arts/02RICH.html?th

Romney, George (1776) Joseph Brant Thayendanegea. Ottawa, ON, National Gallery of Canada

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